Vocabulary # 4- Animal Tissue

1. adhering junction: Junction where a mass of anchored proteins help adjoining cells adhere.

2. adipose tissue: A connective tissue having an abundance of fat-storing cells.

3. blood Fluid: connective tissue of water, solutes, and formed elements (blood cells, platelets). Transports substances to and from cells, helps maintain internal environment.

4. bone tissue Of vertebrate skeleton: a tissue of osteoblast secretions hardened with minerals.

5. cardiac muscle tissue: A contractile tissue that is present only in the heart wall.

6. cartilage: Connective tissue with solid, pliable intercellular material that resists compression.

7. dense, irregular connective tissue: Animal tissue with fibroblasts, many asymmetrically positioned fibers in ground substance. In skin and some capsules around organs.

8. dense, regular connective tissue: Animal tissue with rows of fibroblasts between parallel bundles of fibers. In tendons, elastic ligaments.

9. ectoderm The first-formed: outermost primary tissue layer of animal embryos; gives rise to nervous system tissues and integument's outer layer.

10. endocrine gland: Ductless gland that secretes hormones, which the bloodstream distributes.

11. endoderm: Inner primary tissue layer of animal embryos; source of inner gut lining and derived organs.

12. epithelium: Animal tissue that covers external surfaces and lines internal cavities and tubes. One surface is free and the other rests on a basement membrane.

13. exocrine gland: Glandular structure that secretes products, usually through ducts or tubes, to a free epithelial surface.

14. gap junction: Cylindrical arrays of proteins in the plasma membrane that pair up as open channels for signals between adjoining cells.

15. gland cell: A cell that secretes products unrelated to their own metabolism for use elsewhere

16. homeostasis: State in which physical and chemical aspects of internal environment (blood, interstitial fluid) are being maintained within ranges suitable for cell activities.

17. internal environment: Blood + interstitial fluid.

18. loose connective tissue: Animal tissue with fibers, fibroblasts loosely arrayed in semifluid ground substance.

19. mesoderm: Primary tissue layer of all large, complex animals; gives rise to many internal organs.

20. nervous tissue: Connective tissue composed of neurons and often neuroglia.

21. neuroglia: Collectively, cells that structurally and metabolically support neurons. They make up about half the volume of nervous tissue in vertebrates.

22. neuron: Type of nerve cell; basic communication unit in most nervous systems.

23. organ: Body structure with definite form and function that consists of more than one tissue.

24. organ system: Organs interacting chemically, physically, or both in a common task.

25. skeletal muscle tissue: Striated contractile tissue that is the functional partner of bone.

26. smooth muscle tissue: Nonstriated contractile tissue found in soft internal organs.

27. tight junction: Cell junction where strands of fibrous proteins oriented in parallel with a tissue's free surface collectively block leaks between the adjoining cells.

28. tissue Of multicelled organisms: a group of cells and intercellular substances that function together in one or more specialized tasks.

Vocabulary # 3- Origin and evolution of life

1.angiosperm: Flowering plant.

2. archaebacterium: Member of the prokaryotic domain Archaebacteria.

3. Archean eon: Eon in which life arose (3.8-2.5 bya).

4. big bang: Model for origin of universe.

5.Cenozoic era: The present era (65 mya to present).

6.crust, of Earth: Outer zone of low-density rocks resting on the Earth's mantle.

7.dinosaur: One of a fabulous group of reptiles that originated in the Triassic and became the dominant land vertebrates for 125 million years.

8.Ediacaran: One of the species with a highly flattened body that arose in the precambrian.

9.endosymbiosis theory: Continuing physical contact between two species, one of which lives and reproduces inside the other's body.

10.eubacterium: Prokaryotic cell; has a nucleoid, but no nucleus, cytoplasm, or cell membrane; most have a cell wall, some encapsulated.

11.eukaryotic cell: Cell having a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

12.global broiling hypothesis:Theory that an asteroid impact caused the K-T mass extinction by creating a colossal fireball, the debris from which raised global air temperature by thousands of degrees.

13. gymnosperm: Type of vascular plant in which seeds form on exposed surfaces of reproductive structures (e.g., on cone scales).

14. K-T asteroid impact theory: A huge asteroid hit Earth at the K-T bou

ndary; last dinosaurs perished during the mass extinction.

15. mantle Of mollusks: a tissue draped over the visceral mass. Of Earth, a zone of intermediatedensity rocks beneath the crust.

16. Mesozoic era: An era (240-65 mya) of spectacular expansion in the range of global diversity.

17. Paleozoic era: Era from Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, through the Permian (544 to 248 mya).

18. prokaryotic cell: Archaebacterium or eubacterium; single-celled organism, most often walled; lacks the profusion of membranebound organelles observed in eukaryotic cells.

19. Proterozoic eon: Period from 2.5 billion to 570 million years ago; period during which eukaryotic cells arose.

20. protistan: Photoautotroph or heterotroph (or both) unlike bacteria; some like earliest eukaryotic cells. Has a nucleus, larger ribosomes, mitochondria, ER, Golgi bodies, chromosomes with numerous proteins, and cytoskeletal microtubules. Range in size from microscopic algae to giant kelps.

21. proto-cell: Hypothetic cell-like stage between chemical evolution and the first living cell.

22. RNA world: One model for prebiotic evolution in which RNA was the template for protein synthesis before the evolution of DNA.

23. stromatolite: Fossilized mats of shallow-water microbial communities, mainly cyanobacteria, from Archean to precambrian. Cell secretions blocked UV radiation but trapped sediments, and new mats grew on old ones; some are half a mile thick and hundreds of miles across.